Quaternary tephra marker beds and their potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on Chatham Island,east of New Zealand,southwest Pacific Ocean     

Katherine A. Holt  R. Clel Wallace  Vincent E. Neall  Barry P. Kohn  David J. Lowe 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(7):1169-1178

Tephras provide one of the most reliable methods of time control and synchronisation within Quaternary sequences. We report on the identification of two widespread rhyolitic tephras – the Kawakawa and Rangitawa tephras – preserved in extensive peat deposits on Chatham Island ～900 km east of New Zealand. The tephras, both products of supereruptions from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, occur as pale, fine‐ash dominated layers typically 10–150 mm thick. Mineralogically they are dominated by rhyolitic glass, together with subordinate amounts of quartz, feldspar, hypersthene, hornblende, Fe–Ti oxides and zircon. Phlogopite/biotite was identified additionally in Rangitawa Tephra. Ages for each tephra were obtained via mineralogical and major element glass composition‐based correlation with well‐dated equivalent deposits on mainland New Zealand, and we also obtained a new zircon fission‐track age for Rangitawa Tephra (350 ± 50 ka) on Chatham Island. Both tephras were erupted at critical times for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in the New Zealand region: the Kawakawa at ca. 27 cal. ka, near the beginning of the ‘extended’ LGM early in marine isotope stage (MIS) 2; and the Rangitawa at ca. 350 ka near the end of MIS 10. The time constraints provided by the tephras demonstrate that Chatham Island peats contain long‐distance pollen derived from mainland New Zealand, which provides a reliable proxy for identifying glacial–interglacial climate conditions, in this case during the MIS 11–10 and MIS 2–1 cycles. The two tephras thus provide important chronostratigraphic tie‐points that facilitate correlation and synchronisation not only across the Quaternary deposits of the Chatham Islands group but also with climatically significant terrestrial and marine records in the wider New Zealand region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Preparation and Preliminary Characterisation of Three Synthetic Andesite Reference Glass Materials (ARM‐1, ARM‐2, ARM‐3) for In Situ Microanalysis     

Shitou Wu  Gerhard Wrner  Klaus Peter Jochum  Brigitte Stoll  Klaus Simon  Andreas Kronz 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2019,43(4):567-584

Three synthetic reference glasses were prepared by directly fusing and stirring 3.8 kg of high‐purity oxide powders to provide reference materials for microanalytical work. These glasses have andesitic major compositions and are doped with fifty‐four trace elements in nearly identical abundance (500, 50, 5 µg g^?1) using oxide powders or element solutions, and are named ARM‐1, 2 and 3, respectively. We further document that sector‐field (SF) ICP‐MS (Element 2 or Element XR) is capable of sweeping seventy‐seven isotopes (from ⁷Li to ²³⁸U, a total of sixty‐eight elements) in 1 s and, thus, is able to quantify up to sixty‐eight elements by laser sampling. Micro‐ and bulk analyses indicate that the glasses are homogeneous with respect to major and trace elements. This paper provides preliminary data for the ARM glasses using a variety of analytical techniques (EPMA, XRF, ICP‐OES, ICP‐MS, LA‐Q‐ICP‐MS and LA‐SF‐ICP‐MS) performed in ten laboratories. Discrepancies in the data of V, Cr, Ni and Tl exist, mainly caused by analytical limitations. Preliminary reference and information values for fifty‐six elements were calculated with uncertainties [2 relative standard error (RSE)] estimated in the range of 1–20%.  相似文献   

山体效应及其对林线分布的影响(英文)   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

韩芳  姚永慧  戴仕宝  王春  孙然好  许娟  张百平 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(4):609-616

The concept of mass elevation effect(massenerhebungseffect,MEE) was intro-duced by A.de Quervain about 100 years ago to account for the observed tendency for temperature-related parameters such as tree line and snowline to occur at higher elevations in the central Alps than on their outer margins.It also has been widely observed in other ar-eas of the world,but there have not been significant,let alone quantitative,researches on this phenomenon.Especially,it has been usually completely neglected in developing fitting mod-els of timberline elevation,with only longitude or latitude considered as impacting factors.This paper tries to quantify the contribution of MEE to timberline elevation.Considering that the more extensive the land mass and especially the higher the mountain base in the interior of land mass,the greater the mass elevation effect,this paper takes mountain base elevation(MBE) as the magnitude of MEE.We collect 157 data points of timberline elevation,and use their latitude,longitude and MBE as independent variables to build a multiple linear regres-sion equation for timberline elevation in the southeastern Eurasian continent.The results turn out that the contribution of latitude,longitude and MBE to timberline altitude reach 25.11%,29.43%,and 45.46%,respectively.North of northern latitude 32°,the three factors’ contribu-tion amount to 48.50%,24.04%,and 27.46%,respectively;to the south,their contribution is 13.01%,48.33%,and 38.66%,respectively.This means that MBE,serving as a proxy indi-cator of MEE,is a significant factor determining the elevation of alpine timberline.Compared with other factors,it is more stable and independent in affecting timberline elevation.Of course,the magnitude of the actual MEE is certainly determined by other factors,including mountain area and height,the distance to the edge of a land mass,the structures of the mountains nearby.These factors need to be included in the study of MEE quantification in the future.This paper could help build up a high-accuracy and multi-scale elevation model for alpine timberline and even other altitudinal belts.  相似文献   

基于街景影像的城市道路空间舒适度研究     

杨灿灿  许芳年  江岭  王瑞璠  尹力  赵明伟  张鲜鲜 《地球信息科学学报》2021,23(5):785-801

城市道路空间舒适度是综合刻画城市道路环境的量化指标之一,可为城市道路规划建设、城市交通优化、城市环境评估等提供参考。本文以街景影像为基础数据,从空间视角阐述了城市道路空间舒适度内涵,构建了城市道路空间舒适度量化指标,建立了以语义分割和等距采样为基础的城市道路空间舒适度测度方法和空间插值方法,最后以南京市局部城区为样区进行了实验,并分析了城市道路空间舒适度特征。实验结果表明：① 语义分割中主要要素的分割精度满足要求,分割总体精度为84.92%, Kappa系数为80.06%;② 综合考虑数据处理时间和舒适度量化表达程度, 200 m采样间距可以综合描述研究区道路空间舒适度状态;③ 本文提出的双向约束插值方法可消除突变点、梯形插值形态、花斑状纹理等异常插值现象,同时可有效保持道路空间舒适度方向特征;④ 本文提出的测度方法可以有效度量城市道路空间舒适度,测度等级精度达80%;⑤ 城市道路空间舒适度等级与道路等级整体上呈现正相关关系,且舒适度在实验区呈现南高北低、建邺区较高、鼓楼及历史老城区低的空间分布状态。  相似文献   

格点大气环流模式GAMIL2参数不确定性的量化分析与优化          下载免费PDF全文

张涛  谢丰  薛巍  李立娟  许皓宇  王斌 《地球物理学报》2016,59(2):465-475

物理过程参数化方案的不确定性是目前气候系统模式不确定性的重要来源之一.随着模式内在复杂度攀升,模拟场景多样化,参数化方案中基于先验的和人工的物理参数选取方法已经逐步成为限制模式模拟能力的瓶颈之一.为此,本文设计并提出了初选与寻优相结合的两步法参数优化方案.初选阶段用全因子采样方法对不确定参数空间进行初始敏感性分析,估计最优解所在区域;寻优步采用单纯型下山法,基于初选阶段确定的参数组合快速寻优.将两步法应用于中国科学院大气物理研究所(英文缩写:IAP)大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(英文缩写:LASG)格点大气模式第2版:GAMIL2,选取其深对流方案和云量方案中的3个重要参数开展寻优,优化以综合减小模式降水、风场、温度、湿度、位势高度以及辐射通量的误差为目标.这些变量用GAMIL2标准版本标准化后形成单一的目标.结果显示,优化后的目标函数值比GAMIL2标准版本改进了7.5%.机理分析表明,调优后的参数优化了大气中的水汽凝结作用,进而减少模式的湿度偏差,改进云量的模拟效果;同时水汽凝结作用的变化通过大气内部动力和热力相互作用及响应影响温度、位势高度和风场的模拟.  相似文献   

海洋生态系统服务的分类与计量   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

张朝晖  吕吉斌  丁德文 《海岸工程》2007,26(1):57-63

通过界定海洋生态系统服务的概念和内涵以及分析其组成结构、生态过程及生物多样性等服务的来源,详细描述了海洋生态系统所提供的食品供给、原材料供给、基因资源、气候调节、空气质量调节、水质净化调节、有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制、干扰调节、精神文化服务、知识扩展服务、旅游娱乐服务、初级生产、物质循环、生物多样性和提供生境等15项服务。根据这些服务的相似作用与性质,参照千年生态系统评估的分类体系,进一步归纳为供给服务、调节服务、文化服务以及支持服务这4大基本服务类型。同时,也对各项服务的内容、表现特征和计量特征进行了描述。海洋生态系统服务不仅是海洋管理的核心内容,提高和维持海洋生态系统服务更是海洋管理的最终目标。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地中央隆起带下奥陶统构造调整定量研究及其对油气成藏的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

唐玄  张金川  边瑞康  李敬含  王艳芳  王敏 《地学前缘》2008,15(2):253-260

构造调整对油气藏起着重要的控制作用。采用定量方法研究构造调整强度及其对油气形成与调整的影响是对成藏研究定量化的有益探索。下奥陶统地层是塔里木中央隆起带的重要储层,具有统一的原始构造和沉积环境,而后期构造调整相差巨大,最终形成了塔中和巴楚地区在成藏及含油气性上的巨大差别,塔中为加里东晚期形成的古隆起,后期构造稳定,变动小;巴楚隆起经历了多期的构造变革和改造,一直到喜山期才最终定型。构造调整控制了烃源岩的发育和油气运移的方向,制约着油气藏的形成与改造,并最终决定了油气藏在时空上的分布。塔中隆起从加里东期开始到喜山期发生继承性成藏,油气兼聚,圈闭的发育制约油气藏的发现;巴楚则多为晚期成藏,聚气为主,喜山期形成的气藏是巴楚地区勘探的首选目标。  相似文献   

Quantification of Water Content and Speciation in Synthetic Rhyolitic Glasses: Optimising the Analytical Method of Confocal Raman Spectrometry     

Cong Tu  Zi-Yue Meng  Xiao-Ying Gao  Li Zhang 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2023,47(3):549-567

Quantification of water content in silicate glasses is of vital significance in understanding magma evolution and metamorphic anataxis. Here we provide a method for the determination of total dissolved water content and water speciation in silicate melts by confocal laser Raman spectrometry based on a set of hydrous rhyolitic glasses. A series of alumino-silicate glasses with water contents from 0.33 to 9.05% m/m were synthesised in a piston cylinder apparatus. Synchrotron-FTIR mapping shows that these glasses have relatively homogeneous distributions of dissolved water. Total water contents of the glasses were precisely measured by TC/EA-MS and FTIR. Both external and internal calibration were established for the quantitative analysis of water content and water speciation in the silicate glasses based on excellent linear correlation between total dissolved water content and integrated area of the water Raman band. Furthermore, by decomposing the total water Raman bands into four Gaussians components, the relative concentration of water speciation (OH groups and molecules H₂O_m) dissolved in the glasses was determined with a similar trend to water speciation data derived from FTIR. We suggest that the relative concentration of water speciation can be estimated in rhyolitic glasses with 4–8% m/m H₂O. Our work provides an accurate method to determine total water content and a potential tool to limit the relative concentration of water speciation dissolved in silicic glasses.  相似文献   

Geometry,spatial arrangement and origin of carbonate grain‐dominated,scour‐fill and event‐bed deposits: Late Jurassic Jubaila Formation and Arab‐D Member,Saudi Arabia     

《Sedimentology》2018,65(4):1043-1066

Outcrop analogues of the Late Jurassic lower Arab‐D reservoir zone in Saudi Arabia expose a succession of fining‐upward cycles deposited on a distal middle‐ramp to outer‐ramp setting. These cycles are interrupted by erosional scours that incise up to 1·8 m into underlying deposits and are infilled with intraclasts up to boulder size (1 m diameter). Scours of similar size and infill are not commonly observed on low‐angle carbonate ramps. Outcrops have been used to characterize and quantify facies‐body geometries and spatial relationships. The coarse grain size of scour‐fills indicates scouring and boulder transport by debris or hyperconcentrated density flows strengthened by offshore‐directed currents. Longitudinal and lateral flow transformation is invoked to produce the ‘pit and wing’ geometry of the scours. Scour pits and wings erode up to 1·8 m and 0·7 m deep, respectively, and are on average 50 m wide between wing tips. The flat bases of the scours and their lack of consistent aspect ratio indicate that erosion depth was limited by the presence of cemented firmgrounds in underlying cycles. Scours define slightly sinuous channels that are consistently oriented north–south, sub‐parallel to the inferred regional depositional strike of the ramp, suggesting that local palaeobathymetry was more complex than commonly assumed. Weak lateral clustering of some scours indicates that they were underfilled and reoccupied by later scour incision and infill. Rudstone scour‐fills required reworking of material from inner ramp by high‐energy, offshore‐directed flows, associated with storm action and the hydraulic gradient produced by coastal storm setup, to generate erosion and sustain transport of clasts that are generally associated with steeper slopes. Quantitative analysis indicates that these coarse‐grained units have limited potential for correlation between wells as laterally continuous, highly permeable reservoir flow units, but their erosional and locally clustered character may increase effective vertical permeability of the Arab‐D reservoir zone as a whole.  相似文献   

Multiscale quantification of urban composition from EO-1/Hyperion data using object-based spectral unmixing     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2016

Quantification of the urban composition is important in urban planning and management. Previous research has primarily focused on unmixing medium-spatial resolution multispectral imagery using spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in order to estimate the abundance of urban components. For this study an object-based multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) approach was applied to unmix the 30-m Earth Observing-1 (EO-1)/Hyperion hyperspectral imagery. The abundance of two physical urban components (vegetation and impervious surface) was estimated and mapped at multiple scales and two defined geographic zones. The estimation results were validated by a reference dataset generated from fine spatial resolution aerial photography. The object-based MESMA approach was compared with its corresponding pixel-based one, and EO-1/Hyperion hyperspectral data was compared with the simulated EO-1/Advanced Land Imager (ALI) multispectral data in the unmixing modeling. The pros and cons of the object-based MESMA were evaluated. The result illustrates that the object-based MESMA is promising for unmixing the medium-spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery to quantify the urban composition, and it is an attractive alternative to the traditional pixel-based mixture analysis for various applications.  相似文献